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Unknown | 1994-03-06 | 16.5 KB |
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Confidence | Program | Detection | Match Type | Support
|
---|
100%
| file
| data
| default
| |
100%
| detectItEasy
| Format: plain text
| default (weak)
|
|
hex view+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| 54 68 65 20 63 65 6c 6c | 20 74 68 65 6f 72 79 20 |The cell| theory |
|00000010| 73 74 61 74 65 73 20 74 | 68 61 74 3a 20 20 20 20 |states t|hat: |
|00000020| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 31 29 20 43 65 6c 6c 73 | |1) Cells|
|00000030| 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 65 | 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 75 | are the| basic u|
|00000040| 6e 69 74 20 6f 66 20 53 | 54 52 55 43 54 55 52 45 |nit of S|TRUCTURE|
|00000050| 32 29 20 43 65 6c 6c 73 | 20 61 72 65 20 74 68 65 |2) Cells| are the|
|00000060| 20 62 61 73 69 63 20 75 | 6e 69 74 20 6f 66 20 46 | basic u|nit of F|
|00000070| 55 4e 43 54 49 4f 4e 20 | 33 29 20 43 65 6c 6c 73 |UNCTION |3) Cells|
|00000080| 20 61 72 69 73 65 20 66 | 72 6f 6d 20 50 52 45 45 | arise f|rom PREE|
|00000090| 58 49 53 54 49 4e 47 20 | 63 65 6c 6c 73 20 20 20 |XISTING |cells |
|000000a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000000b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000000c0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 4e 6f 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 | |Not all |
|000000d0| 63 65 6c 6c 73 20 68 61 | 76 65 20 61 20 64 69 73 |cells ha|ve a dis|
|000000e0| 74 69 6e 63 74 20 6e 75 | 63 6c 65 75 73 2e 20 20 |tinct nu|cleus. |
|000000f0| 20 52 65 64 20 62 6c 6f | 6f 64 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 | Red blo|od cells|
|00000100| 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 65 78 | 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 6c |, for ex|ample, l|
|00000110| 6f 73 65 20 74 68 65 69 | 72 6e 75 63 6c 65 75 73 |ose thei|rnucleus|
|00000120| 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 79 | 20 6d 61 74 75 72 65 2e | as they| mature.|
|00000130| 20 49 6e 20 61 6e 79 20 | 65 76 65 6e 74 2c 20 20 | In any |event, |
|00000140| 20 74 68 69 73 20 68 61 | 73 20 6e 6f 74 68 69 6e | this ha|s nothin|
|00000150| 67 20 77 68 61 74 65 76 | 65 72 20 74 6f 20 64 6f |g whatev|er to do|
|00000160| 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 | 65 63 65 6c 6c 20 74 68 | with th|ecell th|
|00000170| 65 6f 72 79 2e 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |eory. | |
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|000001d0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000001e0| 20 20 00 4d 61 6e 79 20 | 61 6e 61 65 72 6f 62 69 | .Many |anaerobi|
|000001f0| 63 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 | 73 6d 73 20 28 73 6f 6d |c organi|sms (som|
|00000200| 65 20 62 61 63 74 65 72 | 69 61 20 66 6f 72 20 65 |e bacter|ia for e|
|00000210| 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 29 20 | 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 6e |xample) |do not n|
|00000220| 65 65 64 20 6f 78 79 67 | 65 6e 2e 20 4d 61 6e 79 |eed oxyg|en. Many|
|00000230| 20 20 20 6f 72 67 61 6e | 69 73 6d 73 20 64 6f 20 | organ|isms do |
|00000240| 71 75 69 74 65 20 77 65 | 6c 6c 20 77 69 74 68 6f |quite we|ll witho|
|00000250| 75 74 20 61 6e 79 20 20 | 20 20 20 6e 65 72 76 6f |ut any | nervo|
|00000260| 75 73 20 73 79 73 74 65 | 6d 20 6f 72 20 61 20 76 |us syste|m or a v|
|00000270| 65 72 79 20 73 69 6d 70 | 6c 65 20 6f 6e 65 20 61 |ery simp|le one a|
|00000280| 74 20 20 62 65 73 74 2e | 20 50 6c 61 6e 74 73 20 |t best.| Plants |
|00000290| 64 6f 20 6e 6f 74 20 67 | 65 74 20 74 68 65 69 72 |do not g|et their|
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|000002c0| 20 6d 61 6b 65 20 69 74 | 20 76 69 61 20 70 68 6f | make it| via pho|
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|000002e0| 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 74 | 72 75 65 20 6f 66 20 61 |hat is t|rue of a|
|000002f0| 6c 6c 20 6c 69 76 69 6e | 67 20 20 20 74 68 69 6e |ll livin|g thin|
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|00000310| 61 72 69 73 65 20 66 72 | 6f 6d 20 6f 74 68 65 72 |arise fr|om other|
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|00000330| 69 73 6d 73 2e 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |isms. | |
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|000003c0| 20 20 20 20 20 00 54 68 | 65 20 74 65 72 6d 20 63 | .Th|e term c|
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|000003e0| 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 62 69 6f 2d 6c 6f |ed in th|e bio-lo|
|000003f0| 67 69 63 61 6c 20 73 65 | 6e 73 65 20 62 79 20 52 |gical se|nse by R|
|00000400| 6f 62 65 72 74 20 48 6f | 6f 6b 65 20 77 68 6f 20 |obert Ho|oke who |
|00000410| 75 73 65 64 20 20 69 74 | 20 74 6f 20 64 65 73 63 |used it| to desc|
|00000420| 72 69 62 65 20 74 68 65 | 20 73 70 61 63 65 73 20 |ribe the| spaces |
|00000430| 6f 72 20 68 6f 6c 65 73 | 20 68 65 20 20 20 73 61 |or holes| he sa|
|00000440| 77 20 61 73 20 68 65 20 | 65 78 61 6d 69 6e 65 64 |w as he |examined|
|00000450| 20 61 20 70 69 65 63 65 | 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 72 6b | a piece| of cork|
|00000460| 20 75 6e 64 65 72 6d 61 | 67 6e 69 66 69 63 61 74 | underma|gnificat|
|00000470| 69 6f 6e 2e 20 49 6e 20 | 66 61 63 74 2c 20 77 68 |ion. In |fact, wh|
|00000480| 61 74 20 68 65 20 73 61 | 77 20 77 61 73 20 6e 6f |at he sa|w was no|
|00000490| 74 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 20 | 62 75 74 20 73 74 69 6c |t cells |but stil|
|000004a0| 6c 20 68 65 20 69 73 20 | 67 69 76 65 6e 20 63 72 |l he is |given cr|
|000004b0| 65 64 69 74 20 20 20 66 | 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 66 |edit f|or the f|
|000004c0| 69 72 73 74 20 75 73 65 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |irst use| of the |
|000004d0| 74 65 72 6d 2e 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |term. | |
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|00000590| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000005a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 00 52 75 64 6f 6c 66 20 | |.Rudolf |
|000005b0| 56 69 72 63 68 6f 77 20 | 69 73 20 67 65 6e 65 72 |Virchow |is gener|
|000005c0| 61 6c 6c 79 20 67 69 76 | 65 6e 20 63 72 65 64 69 |ally giv|en credi|
|000005d0| 74 66 6f 72 20 61 20 6d | 61 6a 6f 72 20 63 6f 6e |tfor a m|ajor con|
|000005e0| 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f | 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 |tributio|n to the|
|000005f0| 20 63 65 6c 6c 20 20 20 | 20 74 68 65 6f 72 79 2e | cell | theory.|
|00000600| 20 49 74 20 77 61 73 20 | 56 69 72 63 68 6f 77 20 | It was |Virchow |
|00000610| 77 68 6f 20 66 69 72 73 | 74 20 70 72 6f 2d 20 20 |who firs|t pro- |
|00000620| 20 70 6f 73 65 64 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 | posed t|hat all |
|00000630| 63 65 6c 6c 73 20 6d 75 | 73 74 20 63 6f 6d 65 20 |cells mu|st come |
|00000640| 66 72 6f 6d 20 20 20 20 | 20 6f 74 68 65 72 2c 20 |from | other, |
|00000650| 70 72 65 65 78 69 73 74 | 69 6e 67 20 63 65 6c 6c |preexist|ing cell|
|00000660| 73 2e 20 49 6e 20 6f 74 | 68 65 72 20 77 6f 72 64 |s. In ot|her word|
|00000670| 73 6c 69 66 65 20 63 6f | 6d 65 73 20 66 72 6f 6d |slife co|mes from|
|00000680| 20 6c 69 66 65 2e 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | life. | |
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|00000770| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000780| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 00 54 68 65 20 | | .The |
|00000790| 6b 69 6e 67 64 6f 6d 20 | 50 72 6f 74 69 73 74 61 |kingdom |Protista|
|000007a0| 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 | 73 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 6e | include|s all on|
|000007b0| 65 2d 20 20 63 65 6c 6c | 65 64 20 6f 72 67 61 6e |e- cell|ed organ|
|000007c0| 69 73 6d 73 20 28 65 78 | 63 65 70 74 20 70 72 6f |isms (ex|cept pro|
|000007d0| 6b 61 72 79 6f 74 65 73 | 20 20 20 20 73 75 63 68 |karyotes| such|
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|000007f0| 64 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 | 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 63 65 |d simple| multice|
|00000800| 6c 6c 2d 20 75 6c 61 72 | 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 73 |ll- ular| organis|
|00000810| 6d 73 2e 20 54 68 65 73 | 65 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 |ms. Thes|e includ|
|00000820| 65 20 74 72 75 65 20 61 | 6c 67 61 65 61 6e 64 20 |e true a|lgaeand |
|00000830| 70 72 6f 74 6f 7a 6f 61 | 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |protozoa|. |
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|00000960| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 00 54 | | .T|
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|00000980| 6e 69 6d 61 6c 20 69 73 | 20 63 6f 6d 70 6f 73 65 |nimal is| compose|
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|000009a0| 62 6f 6e 65 73 20 63 61 | 6c 6c 65 64 20 76 65 72 |bones ca|lled ver|
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|000009e0| 74 69 62 72 61 6c 20 63 | 6f 6c 75 6d 6e 20 61 6e |tibral c|olumn an|
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|00000a00| 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 62 | 61 63 6b 62 6f 6e 65 69 |with a b|ackbonei|
|00000a10| 73 20 70 6c 61 63 65 64 | 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |s placed| in the |
|00000a20| 73 75 62 2d 70 68 79 6c | 75 6d 20 56 65 72 74 69 |sub-phyl|um Verti|
|00000a30| 62 72 61 74 61 2e 20 53 | 75 63 68 20 61 6e 69 6d |brata. S|uch anim|
|00000a40| 61 6c 73 20 61 72 65 20 | 76 65 72 74 69 62 72 61 |als are |vertibra|
|00000a50| 74 65 73 2e 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |tes. | |
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|00000b50| 20 00 41 20 70 69 6e 65 | 20 74 72 65 65 20 28 61 | .A pine| tree (a|
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|00000bb0| 6c 65 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 | 70 68 6c 6f 65 6d 29 2e |lem and |phloem).|
|00000bc0| 20 41 20 66 65 72 6e 20 | 20 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e | A fern | does n|
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|00000bf0| 74 73 62 75 74 20 69 74 | 20 64 6f 65 73 20 68 61 |tsbut it| does ha|
|00000c00| 76 65 20 76 61 73 63 75 | 6c 61 72 20 28 63 6f 6e |ve vascu|lar (con|
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|00000c40| 20 20 20 74 68 65 73 65 | 20 74 68 69 6e 67 73 20 | these| things |
|00000c50| 62 75 74 20 74 68 65 79 | 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 |but they| are not|
|00000c60| 20 63 6c 61 73 73 69 66 | 69 65 64 61 73 20 70 6c | classif|iedas pl|
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|00000c90| 67 2d 20 64 6f 6d 20 4d | 6f 6e 65 72 61 2e 20 41 |g- dom M|onera. A|
|00000ca0| 6d 6f 6e 67 20 70 6c 61 | 6e 74 73 2c 20 6f 6e 6c |mong pla|nts, onl|
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|00000ce0| 20 20 20 72 6f 6f 74 73 | 2c 20 6c 65 61 76 65 73 | roots|, leaves|
|00000cf0| 2c 20 73 74 65 6d 73 20 | 61 6e 64 20 68 61 76 65 |, stems |and have|
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|00000d10| 6e 67 20 74 69 73 73 75 | 65 73 2e 20 20 20 20 20 |ng tissu|es. |
|00000d20| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000d30| 20 20 20 20 00 57 68 65 | 6e 20 4c 61 74 69 6e 20 | .Whe|n Latin |
|00000d40| 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 61 72 | 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 66 |names ar|e used f|
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|00000d60| 2c 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 74 | 68 65 20 67 65 6e 75 73 |, only t|he genus|
|00000d70| 20 61 6e 64 20 73 70 65 | 63 69 65 73 20 61 72 65 | and spe|cies are|
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|00000da0| 72 20 67 72 6f 75 70 2c | 20 20 20 20 20 61 6c 77 |r group,| alw|
|00000db0| 61 79 73 20 63 6f 6d 65 | 73 20 66 69 72 73 74 2e |ays come|s first.|
|00000dc0| 20 54 68 75 73 20 74 68 | 65 20 64 6f 67 20 61 6e | Thus th|e dog an|
|00000dd0| 64 20 20 20 20 74 68 65 | 20 63 6f 79 6f 74 65 20 |d the| coyote |
|00000de0| 61 72 65 20 69 6e 20 74 | 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 |are in t|he same |
|00000df0| 67 65 6e 75 73 20 28 63 | 61 6e 69 73 29 62 75 74 |genus (c|anis)but|
|00000e00| 20 61 72 65 20 64 69 66 | 66 65 72 65 6e 74 20 73 | are dif|ferent s|
|00000e10| 70 65 63 69 65 73 20 77 | 69 74 68 69 6e 20 74 68 |pecies w|ithin th|
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|00000f10| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 00 | 49 6e 20 6f 72 64 65 72 | .|In order|
|00000f20| 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 63 | 6c 61 73 73 69 66 69 65 | to be c|lassifie|
|00000f30| 64 20 61 73 20 61 20 63 | 68 6f 72 64 61 74 65 20 |d as a c|hordate |
|00000f40| 61 6e 20 6f 72 67 61 6e | 69 73 6d 20 6d 75 73 74 |an organ|ism must|
|00000f50| 20 6d 65 65 74 20 74 77 | 6f 20 63 72 69 74 65 72 | meet tw|o criter|
|00000f60| 69 61 2e 20 20 20 20 20 | 46 69 72 73 74 20 69 74 |ia. |First it|
|00000f70| 20 6d 75 73 74 20 68 61 | 76 65 2c 20 61 74 20 73 | must ha|ve, at s|
|00000f80| 6f 6d 65 20 74 69 6d 65 | 20 64 75 72 69 6e 67 20 |ome time| during |
|00000f90| 69 74 73 20 6c 69 66 65 | 2d 63 79 63 6c 65 2c 20 |its life|-cycle, |
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|00001f00| 74 20 73 70 65 63 69 65 | 73 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 |t specie|s. |
|00001f10| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001f20| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001f30| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001f40| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001f50| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001f60| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001f70| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001f80| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001f90| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001fa0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001fb0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
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|00001ff0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002000| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002010| 20 20 00 54 68 65 20 71 | 75 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 20 | .The q|uestion |
|00002020| 61 73 6b 73 20 66 6f 72 | 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f |asks for| the pro|
|00002030| 70 65 72 20 6f 72 64 65 | 72 20 20 62 75 74 20 64 |per orde|r but d|
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|00002050| 20 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 | 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 20 20 | whether| from |
|00002060| 20 20 20 6c 61 72 67 65 | 73 74 20 74 6f 20 73 6d | large|st to sm|
|00002070| 61 6c 6c 65 73 74 20 6f | 72 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 73 |allest o|r from s|
|00002080| 6d 61 6c 6c 65 73 74 20 | 74 6f 20 6c 61 72 67 65 |mallest |to large|
|00002090| 73 74 2e 20 52 65 67 61 | 72 64 6c 65 73 73 2c 20 |st. Rega|rdless, |
|000020a0| 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 70 | 65 72 20 6f 72 64 65 72 |the prop|er order|
|000020b0| 20 69 73 6b 69 6e 67 64 | 6f 6d 2d 70 68 79 6c 75 | iskingd|om-phylu|
|000020c0| 6d 2d 63 6c 61 73 73 2d | 6f 72 64 65 72 2d 66 61 |m-class-|order-fa|
|000020d0| 6d 69 6c 79 2d 67 65 6e | 75 73 2d 73 70 65 63 69 |mily-gen|us-speci|
|000020e0| 65 73 2e 20 4f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 63 68 6f 69 63 |es. Of t|he choic|
|000020f0| 65 73 2c 20 6f 6e 6c 79 | 20 6b 69 6e 67 64 6f 6d |es, only| kingdom|
|00002100| 20 2d 20 20 70 68 79 6c | 75 6d 2d 67 65 6e 75 73 | - phyl|um-genus|
|00002110| 2d 73 70 65 63 69 65 73 | 20 69 73 20 69 6e 20 61 |-species| is in a|
|00002120| 67 72 65 65 6d 65 6e 74 | 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 |greement| with|
|00002130| 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 71 | 75 65 6e 63 65 20 61 62 | the seq|uence ab|
|00002140| 6f 76 65 2e 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ove. | |
|00002150| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002160| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002170| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002180| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002190| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000021a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000021b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000021c0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000021d0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000021e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000021f0| 20 20 20 20 20 00 54 68 | 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d | .Th|e system|
|00002200| 20 6f 66 20 63 6c 61 73 | 73 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 | of clas|sificati|
|00002210| 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 70 6c | 61 6e 74 73 20 20 61 6e |on of pl|ants an|
|00002220| 64 20 61 6e 69 6d 61 6c | 73 20 69 73 20 62 61 73 |d animal|s is bas|
|00002230| 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 73 69 | 6d 69 6c 61 72 69 74 69 |ed on si|milariti|
|00002240| 65 73 20 69 6e 20 73 74 | 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 20 |es in st|ructure |
|00002250| 61 6e 64 20 62 69 6f 63 | 68 65 6d 69 73 74 72 79 |and bioc|hemistry|
|00002260| 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e | 20 20 20 20 20 20 6f 72 | between| or|
|00002270| 67 61 6e 69 73 6d 73 2e | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ganisms.| |
|00002280| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002290| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000022a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000022b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000022c0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
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|000023c0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000023d0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 00 46 75 6e 67 69 20 61 | |.Fungi a|
|000023e0| 6e 64 20 73 6c 69 6d 65 | 20 6d 6f 6c 64 73 20 61 |nd slime| molds a|
|000023f0| 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 20 70 | 6c 61 6e 74 73 2e 20 20 |re not p|lants. |
|00002400| 20 54 68 65 79 20 61 72 | 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 64 | They ar|e very d|
|00002410| 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 | 20 61 6e 64 20 61 72 65 |ifferent| and are|
|00002420| 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 | 6e 61 20 73 65 70 61 72 | found i|na separ|
|00002430| 61 74 65 20 6b 69 6e 67 | 64 6f 6d 2c 20 66 75 6e |ate king|dom, fun|
|00002440| 67 69 2e 20 41 6c 67 61 | 65 2c 20 77 68 69 6c 65 |gi. Alga|e, while|
|00002450| 20 70 68 6f 74 6f 73 79 | 6e 74 68 65 74 69 63 2c | photosy|nthetic,|
|00002460| 20 61 72 65 20 70 6c 61 | 63 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 | are pla|ced in t|
|00002470| 68 65 20 6b 69 6e 67 2d | 20 64 6f 6d 20 70 72 6f |he king-| dom pro|
|00002480| 74 69 73 74 61 20 61 6e | 64 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f |tista an|d are no|
|00002490| 74 20 74 72 75 65 20 70 | 6c 61 6e 74 73 20 61 74 |t true p|lants at|
|000024a0| 20 61 6c 6c 2e 20 41 20 | 6c 69 63 68 65 6e 20 69 | all. A |lichen i|
|000024b0| 73 20 61 20 73 79 6d 62 | 69 6f 74 69 63 20 63 6f |s a symb|iotic co|
|000024c0| 6d 62 69 6e 61 74 69 6f | 6e 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 |mbinatio|n of a f|
|000024d0| 75 6e 67 75 73 20 61 6e | 64 20 61 6e 20 61 6c 67 |ungus an|d an alg|
|000024e0| 61 65 2c 20 6e 65 69 74 | 68 65 72 20 6f 6e 65 20 |ae, neit|her one |
|000024f0| 6f 66 77 68 69 63 68 20 | 69 73 20 61 20 70 6c 61 |ofwhich |is a pla|
|00002500| 6e 74 2e 20 46 65 72 6e | 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 |nt. Fern|s and ma|
|00002510| 70 6c 65 20 74 72 65 65 | 73 2c 77 68 69 6c 65 20 |ple tree|s,while |
|00002520| 69 6e 20 64 69 66 66 65 | 72 65 6e 74 20 70 68 79 |in diffe|rent phy|
|00002530| 6c 61 2c 20 61 72 65 20 | 62 6f 74 68 20 74 72 75 |la, are |both tru|
|00002540| 65 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 73 | 20 61 6e 64 20 61 72 65 |e plants| and are|
|00002550| 20 74 68 65 72 65 66 6f | 72 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 | therefo|re in th|
|00002560| 65 20 6b 69 6e 67 64 6f | 6d 20 70 6c 61 6e 74 61 |e kingdo|m planta|
|00002570| 65 2e 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |e. | |
|00002580| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002590| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000025a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000025b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 00 54 68 65 20 | | .The |
|000025c0| 6d 61 67 6e 69 66 69 63 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 |magnific|ation th|
|000025d0| 61 74 20 63 61 6e 20 62 | 65 20 6f 62 74 61 69 6e |at can b|e obtain|
|000025e0| 65 64 20 20 62 79 20 61 | 20 6c 69 67 68 74 20 6d |ed by a| light m|
|000025f0| 69 63 72 6f 73 63 6f 70 | 65 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 |icroscop|e can be|
|00002600| 20 65 61 73 69 6c 79 20 | 20 20 20 20 63 61 6c 63 | easily | calc|
|00002610| 75 6c 61 74 65 64 20 62 | 79 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 70 |ulated b|y multip|
|00002620| 6c 79 69 6e 67 20 74 68 | 65 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 |lying th|e power |
|00002630| 6f 66 20 20 74 68 65 20 | 65 79 65 70 69 65 63 65 |of the |eyepiece|
|00002640| 20 6c 65 6e 73 20 74 69 | 6d 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 | lens ti|mes the |
|00002650| 70 6f 77 65 72 20 6f 66 | 20 74 68 65 6f 62 6a 65 |power of| theobje|
|00002660| 63 74 69 76 65 20 6c 65 | 6e 73 2e 20 49 6e 20 74 |ctive le|ns. In t|
|00002670| 68 69 73 20 63 61 73 65 | 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6d 69 |his case|, the mi|
|00002680| 63 72 6f 2d 73 63 6f 70 | 65 20 68 61 73 20 74 77 |cro-scop|e has tw|
|00002690| 6f 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 | 69 76 65 20 6c 65 6e 73 |o object|ive lens|
|000026a0| 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 | 68 75 73 20 20 74 77 6f |es and t|hus two|
|000026b0| 20 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c | 65 20 6d 61 67 6e 69 66 | possibl|e magnif|
|000026c0| 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 | 3a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ications|: |
|000026d0| 20 20 20 20 20 31 30 58 | 20 74 69 6d 65 73 20 31 | 10X| times 1|
|000026e0| 30 58 20 3d 20 31 30 30 | 58 20 74 6f 74 61 6c 20 |0X = 100|X total |
|000026f0| 61 6e 64 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 31 30 58 |and | 10X|
|00002700| 20 74 69 6d 65 73 20 34 | 30 58 20 3d 20 34 30 30 | times 4|0X = 400|
|00002710| 58 20 74 6f 74 61 6c 2e | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |X total.| |
|00002720| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002730| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002740| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
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|00002770| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002780| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002790| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 00 41 | | .A|
|000027a0| 20 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6d 65 | 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 61 | millime|ter is a|
|000027b0| 20 74 68 6f 75 73 61 6e | 64 74 68 20 6f 66 20 61 | thousan|dth of a|
|000027c0| 20 6d 65 74 65 72 2e 41 | 20 6d 69 63 72 6f 6d 65 | meter.A| microme|
|000027d0| 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 61 | 20 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e |ter is a| million|
|000027e0| 74 68 20 6f 66 20 61 20 | 6d 65 74 65 72 2e 20 54 |th of a |meter. T|
|000027f0| 68 75 73 2c 20 61 20 6d | 69 6c 6c 69 6d 65 74 65 |hus, a m|illimete|
|00002800| 72 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 | 20 74 68 6f 75 73 61 6e |r is one| thousan|
|00002810| 64 20 74 69 6d 65 73 62 | 69 67 67 65 72 20 74 68 |d timesb|igger th|
|00002820| 61 6e 20 61 20 6d 69 63 | 72 6f 6d 65 74 65 72 2e |an a mic|rometer.|
|00002830| 20 41 20 74 65 6e 74 68 | 20 6f 66 20 61 20 20 6d | A tenth| of a m|
|00002840| 69 6c 6c 69 6d 65 74 65 | 72 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 |illimete|r would |
|00002850| 6f 6e 6c 79 20 62 65 20 | 31 30 30 20 74 69 6d 65 |only be |100 time|
|00002860| 73 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 | 69 67 67 65 72 20 74 68 |s b|igger th|
|00002870| 61 6e 20 61 20 6d 69 63 | 72 6f 6d 65 74 65 72 2e |an a mic|rometer.|
|00002880| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 | | 0|
|00002890| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000028a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000028b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 30 2e 31 20 6d 69 6c 6c | |0.1 mill|
|000028c0| 69 6d 65 74 65 72 20 3d | 20 31 30 30 20 6d 69 63 |imeter =| 100 mic|
|000028d0| 72 6f 6d 65 74 65 72 73 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |rometers| |
|000028e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000028f0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002900| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002910| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002920| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002930| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002940| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002950| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002960| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002970| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002980| 20 00 41 20 6d 69 6c 6c | 69 6d 65 74 65 72 20 65 | .A mill|imeter e|
|00002990| 71 75 61 6c 73 20 31 30 | 30 30 20 6d 69 63 72 6f |quals 10|00 micro|
|000029a0| 6d 65 74 65 72 73 2e 20 | 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 66 |meters. | Theref|
|000029b0| 6f 72 65 20 30 2e 35 20 | 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6d 65 74 |ore 0.5 |millimet|
|000029c0| 65 72 73 20 65 71 75 61 | 6c 73 20 35 30 30 20 20 |ers equa|ls 500 |
|000029d0| 20 20 6d 69 63 72 6f 6d | 65 74 65 72 73 2e 20 20 | microm|eters. |
|000029e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000029f0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002a00| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
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|00002a30| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
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|00002a70| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002a80| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002a90| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002aa0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
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|00002ae0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
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|00002b40| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002b50| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002b60| 20 20 20 20 00 54 68 65 | 20 74 6f 74 61 6c 20 6d | .The| total m|
|00002b70| 61 67 6e 69 66 79 69 6e | 67 20 70 6f 77 65 72 20 |agnifyin|g power |
|00002b80| 6f 66 20 61 20 6d 69 63 | 72 6f 2d 20 20 73 63 6f |of a mic|ro- sco|
|00002b90| 70 65 20 69 73 20 6f 62 | 74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 62 |pe is ob|tained b|
|00002ba0| 79 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 70 | 6c 79 69 6e 67 20 74 68 |y multip|lying th|
|00002bb0| 65 20 20 20 20 70 6f 77 | 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |e pow|er of th|
|00002bc0| 65 20 65 79 65 70 69 65 | 63 65 20 6c 65 6e 73 20 |e eyepie|ce lens |
|00002bd0| 74 69 6d 65 73 20 74 68 | 65 20 20 20 20 70 6f 77 |times th|e pow|
|00002be0| 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | 65 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 |er of th|e object|
|00002bf0| 69 76 65 20 6c 65 6e 73 | 3a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ive lens|: |
|00002c00| 20 20 20 20 20 45 79 65 | 70 69 65 63 65 20 58 20 | Eye|piece X |
|00002c10| 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 69 76 | 65 20 3d 20 54 6f 74 61 |Objectiv|e = Tota|
|00002c20| 6c 20 50 6f 77 65 72 2e | 20 20 20 20 20 42 79 20 |l Power.| By |
|00002c30| 72 65 61 72 72 61 6e 67 | 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 |rearrang|ing the |
|00002c40| 66 6f 72 6d 75 6c 61 20 | 74 68 65 20 70 6f 77 65 |formula |the powe|
|00002c50| 72 20 6f 66 20 20 74 68 | 65 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 |r of th|e object|
|00002c60| 69 76 65 20 63 61 6e 20 | 62 65 20 63 61 6c 63 75 |ive can |be calcu|
|00002c70| 6c 61 74 65 64 3a 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |lated: | |
|00002c80| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002c90| 20 54 6f 74 61 6c 20 50 | 6f 77 65 72 20 20 20 20 | Total P|ower |
|00002ca0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 4f 62 | 6a 65 63 74 69 76 65 20 | Ob|jective |
|00002cb0| 50 6f 77 65 72 20 3d 20 | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |Power = |--------|
|00002cc0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |----- | |
|00002cd0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002ce0| 45 79 65 70 69 65 63 65 | 20 50 6f 77 65 72 20 20 |Eyepiece| Power |
|00002cf0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002d00| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002d10| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 34 30 | | 40|
|00002d20| 30 2f 32 30 20 3d 20 32 | 30 20 70 6f 77 65 72 2e |0/20 = 2|0 power.|
|00002d30| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002d40| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 00 | 49 74 20 69 73 20 67 65 | .|It is ge|
|00002d50| 6e 65 72 61 6c 6c 79 20 | 61 67 72 65 65 64 20 74 |nerally |agreed t|
|00002d60| 68 61 74 20 74 6f 64 61 | 79 2c 20 6e 65 77 20 20 |hat toda|y, new |
|00002d70| 63 65 6c 6c 73 20 63 61 | 6e 20 61 72 69 73 65 20 |cells ca|n arise |
|00002d80| 6f 6e 6c 79 20 66 72 6f | 6d 20 70 72 65 65 78 69 |only fro|m preexi|
|00002d90| 73 74 69 6e 67 20 20 20 | 63 65 6c 6c 73 20 62 65 |sting |cells be|
|00002da0| 63 61 75 73 65 20 74 68 | 65 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 |cause th|e condit|
|00002db0| 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 6f 72 69 67 2d 20 |ions tha|t orig- |
|00002dc0| 69 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 67 | 61 76 65 20 72 69 73 65 |inally g|ave rise|
|00002dd0| 20 74 6f 20 6c 69 66 65 | 20 6e 6f 20 6c 69 6e 67 | to life| no ling|
|00002de0| 65 72 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 65 78 69 73 74 2e 20 47 |er |exist. G|
|00002df0| 72 6f 75 70 73 20 6f 66 | 20 63 65 6c 6c 73 20 64 |roups of| cells d|
|00002e00| 6f 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 74 | 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 2e |o work t|ogether.|
|00002e10| 53 75 63 68 20 63 65 6c | 6c 20 67 72 6f 75 70 73 |Such cel|l groups|
|00002e20| 20 61 72 65 20 63 61 6c | 6c 65 64 20 74 69 73 73 | are cal|led tiss|
|00002e30| 75 65 73 2e 20 4f 66 20 | 20 63 6f 75 72 73 65 20 |ues. Of | course |
|00002e40| 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 72 67 | 61 6e 69 73 6d 73 2c 20 |some org|anisms, |
|00002e50| 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 | 74 68 65 20 70 61 72 61 |such as |the para|
|00002e60| 2d 6d 65 63 69 75 6d 20 | 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 |-mecium |and the |
|00002e70| 61 6d 65 62 61 20 61 72 | 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 61 |ameba ar|e only a|
|00002e80| 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 | 20 63 65 6c 6c 2e 20 49 | single | cell. I|
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